托福词汇：学科词汇之艺术类
首先，我们照常来看看究竟什么是Humanities呢，根据牛津词典的英文注解，Humanities是the subjects of study that are concerned with the way people think and behave, for example literature, language, history and philosophy，即和人类思考及行为表现有关的学科，其中囊括了文学、语言、历史和哲学等等，甚至音乐、宗教也包括在这里面。

托福词汇：学科词汇之艺术类

而托福人文科学类的文章，通常是以欧洲或者北美为社会背景，例如15-16世纪以意大利佛罗伦萨为中心的文艺复兴时期带来的文学、艺术上的发展，17世纪盛行的巴洛克艺术风格，影响到18世纪的印象主义的绘画和文学作品，这些内容对于大部分的国内考生而言是背景知识上的空缺，所以在这部分的单词积累中，遇到一些特殊的专有名词，不仅要只关心中文翻译，也可以适当拓展这些名词所对应的特点。

那么我们就以art（艺术）为今天的主题来看看有哪些单词吧，我们按照不同的艺术形式，大致可以分为以下几类：摄影电影、音乐、美术、舞蹈戏剧

摄影电影

先来看看电影的类型和涉及到的专业名词：

comedy /ˈkɑ:mədi/ n喜剧片

(考题47 lecture1 There's still a certain amount of restraint in a neoclassicalcomedy.)

tragedy /ˈtrædʒədi/ n悲剧片

documentary /ˌdɑ:kjuˈmentri/ n纪录片

feature film 故事片

Fiction /ˈfɪkʃn/ n科幻片

horror /ˈhɔ:rə(r); ˈhɑ:rə(r) / n恐怖片

cartoon / kɑ:rˈtu:n/ n卡通片

cast /kæst/ n全体演员

director /dəˈrektə(r); dɪˈrektə(r); daɪˈrektə(r)/ n导演

script /skrɪpt/ n电影剧本

theme song 主题曲

projector /prəˈdʒektə(r)/ n投影机

（考题22 lecture4 I think I read somewhere that they used music to drown out the sound of the film projectors?）

Shutter trigger 快门触发器

Image sensor 图像传感器

Shutter 快门

Camera body 机身

darkroom n暗房

exposure /ɪkˈspoʊ ʒə(r)/ n软片，底片，胶片；曝光时间

zoom in /zu:m/ 拉近

音乐

音乐类的文章虽然出现频率不高，但是不怕一万就怕万一，要是真考到了，因为单词而失分可就得不偿失啦~

Blues n蓝调音乐，布鲁斯音乐（源于美国南部黑人，节奏感强、缓慢忧郁）

Funk /fʌŋk/ n乡土爵士乐

Jazz /dʒæz/ n爵士乐

Hip hop n嘻哈音乐

Rap /ræp/ n说唱

Rock n摇滚乐

Country /ˈkʌntri/ n乡村音乐

Folk /foʊk/n民间音乐

Classic /ˈklæsɪk/ n古典

Instrument /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ n乐器

考题34 passage2 Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilled crafts worker making scientific instruments.)

Orchestra / ˈɔ:rkɪstrə/ n管弦乐队

(考题22 conversation2 But jazz was in its heyday back then, and when she got out of the conservatory, she was invited to join a jazz orchestra.)

Cello /ˈtʃeloʊ/ n大提琴

(考题5 conversation1 Everyone's into sports and I'm more artsy, you know, into music. I play the cello.)

Viola /viˈoʊlə/ n中提琴

Violin /ˌvaɪəˈlɪn/ n小提琴

Harmonica /hɑ:rˈmɑ:nɪkə/ n口琴

Guitar /gɪˈtɑ:(r)/ n吉他

Flute /flu:t/ n长笛

Piano /piˈænoʊ/ n钢琴

Trumpet /ˈtrʌmpɪt/ n小号，喇叭

(考题34 lecture4 Along with Miles Davis on trumpet, there is Bill Evans on piano, John Coltrane on tenor saxophone...)

Chord /kɔ:rd/ n和弦

Concerto / kənˈtʃɜ:rtoʊ/ n协奏曲

Quality n音质

Volume /vɑ:lˈju:m; vɑ:ljəm/n音量 （volume up/down 加大/减小音量）

Beat n节奏

Melody n旋律

harmony /ˈhɑ:rməni/ n和声

symphony /ˈsɪmfəni/ n交响乐

美术

涉及到美术的文章算是艺术类中出现频率比较高的，那我们现在来看看这部分相关的词汇有哪些吧~

Brush /brʌʃ/ n刷子，画笔

Canvas /ˈkænvəs/ n帆布画布，油布

(考题44 conversation2 I know he dripped paint onto the canvas instead of using abrush.)

Pigment /ˈpɪgmənt/ n颜料

(考题10 passage1 From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment)

Charcoal painting /ˈtʃɑ:rkoʊl/炭笔画

（考题3 lecture3 here's charcoal marks from their torches on the cave walls clearly dating from thousands of years after the paintings were made.）

Engraving /ɪnˈgreɪvɪŋ/ n版画，雕版印刷品

Landscape painting 风景画

Lithograph /ˈlɪθəgræf/ n石版画

Crayon /ˈkreɪən/ n蜡笔画

Watercolor 水彩

Portrait /ˈpɔ:rtrət/ n肖像画

(考题32 conversation2 They have a lot of miniature portraits of children as part of their permanent collection.)

Oil painting 油画

Fresco / ˈfreskoʊ/ n壁画

（考题26 lecture4 o far we have been talking all semester about restoring and preserving pieces of art,like ancient frescos , early oil paintings , etc.）

Gallery /ˈgæləri/ n画廊

Salon /səˈlɑ:n/ n沙龙

Sculpture /ˈskʌlptʃə(r)/ n雕塑

(考题47 passage1 It was lavishly furnished with imported sculptures and other Classical objects.)

Statue /ˈstætʃu:/ n雕像

Impressionism /ɪmˈpreʃənɪzəm/ n印象派（19 世纪下半叶兴起于法国的绘画风格，主要表现光与色的效果，不着眼于准确的细节）

Dadaism n达达主义（崇尚虚无主义的流派）

舞蹈戏剧

一个部分就是舞蹈戏剧的单词啦，戏剧作为西方艺术中的一种重要表现形式，相对来说可供出题的范围也非常广~

Ballet /ˈbæleɪ/ n芭蕾

Opera /ˈɑ:prə/ n戏剧

Choreograph /ˈkɔ:riəgræf/ v编舞

Libretto /lɪˈbretoʊ/ n（歌剧或音乐剧的）唱词，歌词

Soloist /ˈsoʊloʊɪst/ n独唱者，单独表演者

Choir /ˈkwaɪə(r)/ n唱诗班，合唱队，歌唱队

Composer /kəmˈpoʊzə(r)/ n创作者，作曲家

Conductor /kənˈdʌktə(r)/ n指挥

Theatre /ˈθi:ətər/ n剧院，戏院

Drama /ˈdrɑ:mə/ n戏剧文学，戏剧艺术

Audience /ˈɔ:diəns/ n观众，听众

Score /skɔ:(r)/ n总谱，配乐

Rehearse /rɪˈhɜ:rs/ v彩排，排演

Prelude /ˈprelju:d/ n序曲，前奏曲

Character /ˈkærəktə(r)/ n角色

Role /roʊl/ n角色

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托福写作范文：工作决定幸福感
托福写作要在短时间内完成两篇，一大一小的作文，时间紧张有时候都写不完，这就需要我们平时的充分准备，把功夫用在平时，下面就是小编为你带来的《托福写作范文：工作决定幸福感》，希望对大家的托福作文复习备考有所帮助。

托福写作范文：工作决定幸福感

托福写作范文：工作决定幸福感

托福独立写作题目：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:Your job has more effect on your happiness than your social life does.

观点：同意工作对人的幸福感影响更大。

1)人是否幸福和经济状况有关。而对大多数人来说，工作是经济来源。一般来说，当人没有经济上的忧虑的时候，人就会比较幸福。

2)幸福还意味着强烈的成就感。一般来说，工作比社交生活更容易带来成就感或者挫败感。当一个人工作做得好，得到同事和老板认可的时候，他会觉得很幸福，因为觉得自己有用。而当一个人工作做不好，被批评的时候，就会不开心。

3)工作占据一个人大部分的时间和精力。当你享受工作的时候，你的大部分时间都会很开心。而当你做一份自己讨厌的工作时，你一天都不会开心。

范文：

I tend to believe that one’s job exerts influence on one’s happiness.In other words,whether you enjoy your job or not determines your happiness.Three reasons can be used to justify my opinion.

To begin with,a person’s happiness has something to do with(和…有关)his/her financial conditions and generally speaking,job decides a person’s economic conditions.So if you have a well-paid job,you are less likely to suffer from financial cares(财政忧虑).Although we are told that happiness has nothing to do with money,I still believe that without basic necessities,it is next to impossible for people to be really happy.Take many Chinese youngsters for example.A majority of young people aging from 18-30 are unhappy nowadays.The reason is simple:housing prices in nearly every city,large or small,are escalating(增长):ten years ago,100,000dollars could buy an apartment in Beijing.Now to buy the same apartment,you have to pay 500,000dollars.To rent a well-equipped apartment,you have to pay at least 500dollars,while the average salary in Beijing is 1000dollars.Rising housing prices,coupled with(和...一起)stagnant(停滞的)wages plague(困扰)youngsters and their parents.If those youngsters had a job which can bring them at least 50,000dollars a year,they would have the opportunity to rent or buy a decent apartment,therefore living a better life.

Second,happiness has a strong correlation with a sense of fulfillment(满足感).It is our job that produces most of our achievement.When we finish our work flawlessly(完美无瑕地),we are more likely to be happy,for the perfect work means a strong capacity that not everybody has.But messing up(把…弄糟)a work is definitely frustrating.It is true that social life can also have some impact on our happiness,but this effect is minimal and will not last for a long time.The reason is obvious:in our society,people evaluate a person by his/her ability to perform job-related tasks.A doctor will be excited with a complete recovery of his/her patient;a teacher feels perfect when his/her students achieve academic success.Nothing brings a person genuine(真正的)happiness than his/her job does.

Last but not least,it is your job that consumes much of your time.In this highly competitive modern society(高度竞争的现代社会),to maintain our competitive edge(保持竞争优势),we have to do our best.Spending 8 hours on one’s work is normal and most of us actually spend at least 10 hours on work on a daily basis(每天).If you love your work,then you are happy to get up early and enjoy the whole day,but if you hate your job,then the process would be a nightmare and you have to suffer.I consider myself happy because I choose my job and I enjoy the whole process.Even if I have to work overtime,I do not complain.But my sister is not so lucky.Despite the fact that her social life makes her happy,the happiness is transient(短暂的).When she goes back to work,she has to suffer.

From the discussion above,I firmly(坚定地)believe that a person’s happiness links with his/her job.A happy person is a person with a well-paid job,and at the same time,he/she does the job with passion and enthusiasm(热情).

以上就是小编为大家准备的托福写作范文：工作决定幸福感的相关内容，希望同学们可以好好利用。小编提醒大家，托福作文字数控制在320-450之间，太多或低于300都不好。太多的话，有流水账之嫌，太少则让人怀疑你的词汇量水平。因此，大家一定要把握好这个度。